The fervor for change that inspired revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt is now rocking Bahrain.But the recent uprising in Manama differs from the mass protests that turned out longtime rulers in North Africa, or that are continuing in Libya. Indeed, sectarian fault lines, together with the security forces’ complete fealty to the monarchy, seriously diminish the likelihood of peaceful regime change.
Whereas Tunisia and Egypt are relatively homogeneous countries – Sunni Muslims constitute more than 90 percent of their inhabitants – Bahrain’s Sunnis, including the royal family and the country’s political and economic elite, comprise only about one-third of the population. The rest are Shiites. Each of these groups is making different, if not contradictory, demands.
The Shiites focus on political reforms that would reflect their majority status. Aggrieved Sunnis, however, want socio-economic changes, such as affordable housing. And, whereas Egyptian protesters of all types found common ground in insisting that President HosniMubarak resign, Bahrainis will find it almost impossible to agree on a rallying cry.
The ruling Al-Khalifa family will not relinquish its power willingly. To preserve itself, the regime relies on imported security forces that are beholden only to the royal family. Drawn from Jordan, Pakistan and Yemen, these forces are not reluctant to beat and kill protesters, for they know that any change at the top would mean defeat not only for the Al-Khalifas, but for themselves as well.
Indeed, Bahraini security forces have been ruthless in their attacks against protesters,killing six people. Given this alignment of forces, and the bloodshed that has already occurred in Manama’s Pearl Square, the scenes from Cairo of protesters arm-in-arm with soldiers and hugging tank crews are unlikely to be replayed here.
Moreover, whereas in Egypt, historically a stable country, 18 days of chaos were enough to convince the military to restore order by ousting Mubarak, Bahrainis have greater experience with social unrest than the Egyptians or Tunisians do. Political instability is a way of life in Bahrain. From the turmoil in the 1920s, following the introduction of administrative reforms, to labor protests in the 1950s, the country is accustomed to agitation. As a result, factional strife is unlikely to panic the rulers and is even less likely to persuade them that the king must abdicate to save the country.
The legislature’s role and influence in these three countries also vary. In Tunisia and Egypt, authoritarian regimes allowed no political space for dissenting voices. When Mubarak felt his power was slipping and reached out to his adversaries, he found disorganized opposition parties with little political experience and no support in society. They could not formulate coherent positions and practical demands. Instead, they clung to hard-line positions, leaving Mubarak unable to find a solution to the impasse.
But in Bahrain, the situation is different. Opposition parties have been active for almost a decade, and have significant representation in the legislature. The leading opposition group, Al-Wifaq, has 18 seats in the 40-member Parliament (although it recently announced that it had decided to pull them out of the legislature). In talks with the opposition, the monarchy will find seasoned politicians ready to bargain over long-held demands. And, with widespread support among its constituents, Al-Wifaq can do much to reduce tensions.
King Hamad has a number of other options available to him. Because citizens have so many grievances, he can do much to placate them. He can address Shiite claims of discrimination by offering them more jobs in government ministries. He can promise to invest state funds in their run-down communities. He can mollify both Shiites and Sunnis by granting them affordable housing. He can appease both factions by ending a naturalization policy that confers citizenship on foreign-born Sunnis, eroding the Shiite majority. And he can dismiss the prime minister, Khalifa bin Salman al-Khalifa, who has exhausted many on both sides of the sectarian divide during his 40 years in power.
In short, Bahrain’s rulers have many cards to play – and the international response to the uprising seems likely to strengthen the regime further. Bahrain is, after all, a key American ally, hosting the United States Navy’s Fifth Fleet, which patrols the Persian Gulf and keepsIran in check. While the U.S. has urged Bahrain’s government to rein in its security forces, it is evidently unwilling to press for regime change. Keeping its naval bases will be a top U.S.priority – one that will ultimately shape its response to the situation in Bahrain.
Saudi Arabia, too, can be expected to do everything in its power to prevent the Al-Khalifas’ fall. Bahrain is Riyadh’s most loyal ally in the region, and the Saudis fear that sectarian unrest could spread to their own eastern region, where a Shiite-minority nurses long-held grievances. For years, the Saudis have propped up the Bahraini regime by providing free oil and by funding its budget. When unrest erupted, Saudi Arabia reportedly dispatched military units to bolster Bahrain’s paltry armed forces.
Change may be coming to much of the Middle East. But, with Bahrain’s social fault lines too wide to bridge, the regime willing to resort to brutal violence to crush any uprising, and the international community prepared to look the other way, the protesters in Manama should be prepared for defeat.
Barak Barfi is a research fellow with the New America Foundation. THE DAILY STAR publishes thi commentary in collaboration with Project Syndicate © (www.project-syndicate.org).
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